在全球能源结构向清洁化、低碳化转型的背景下，生物质能源作为唯一可转化为气体、液体和固体燃料的可再生能源，其开发利用备受关注。生物质气化发电技术通过将农业废弃物、林业剩余物、畜禽粪便等生物质原料转化为可燃气体，再驱动发电设备产生电能，实现了 “变废为宝” 与能源供应的双重价值。该技术不仅能缓解传统化石能源短缺压力，还能减少农业、林业废弃物焚烧带来的环境污染，在农村地区、工业园区及偏远区域具有广阔的应用前景。

　　Against the backdrop of the global energy structure shifting towards cleanliness and low-carbon, biomass energy, as the only renewable energy that can be converted into gas, liquid, and solid fuels, has attracted much attention for its development and utilization. Biomass gasification power generation technology converts agricultural waste, forestry residues, livestock manure and other biomass raw materials into combustible gases, which then drive power generation equipment to generate electricity, achieving the dual value of "turning waste into treasure" and energy supply. This technology can not only alleviate the pressure of traditional fossil energy shortages, but also reduce environmental pollution caused by the incineration of agricultural and forestry waste. It has broad application prospects in rural areas, industrial parks, and remote areas.

　　一、生物质气化发电的核心原理生物质气化发电的本质是通过热化学转化与能量传递过程，将生物质中的化学能逐步转化为电能，核心流程可分为 “气化” 与 “发电” 两大环节。在气化环节中，生物质原料在气化炉内特定的温度（通常为 600-1000℃）和气氛（缺氧或限氧）下，经历干燥、热解、氧化和还原四个阶段：首先，原料中的水分在 100-150℃的干燥阶段蒸发，转化为水蒸气；随后在 200-600℃的热解阶段，原料中的纤维素、半纤维素和木质素分解为焦炭、焦油、甲烷、氢气等产物；接着，热解产物中的部分焦炭和可燃气体与通入的氧气（或空气）发生氧化反应，释放大量热量，为后续还原反应提供能量；最后，在还原区，未完全氧化的二氧化碳、水蒸气与焦炭反应，生成以一氧化碳、氢气、甲烷为主的可燃气体（即 “生物质燃气”，又称 “合成气”）。在发电环节，净化后的生物质燃气通过内燃机、汽轮机或燃气轮机等设备完成能量转化：若采用内燃机发电，燃气直接进入气缸与空气混合燃烧，推动活塞往复运动带动发电机发电，适用于中小规模（10-1000kW）发电系统；若采用汽轮机发电，需先将燃气燃烧产生的高温烟气加热水生成蒸汽，再通过蒸汽驱动汽轮机旋转带动发电机，适合大规模（1000kW 以上）发电项目；而燃气轮机发电则是利用燃气在燃烧室燃烧产生的高温高压气体直接推动涡轮旋转，具有效率高、启动快的特点，但对燃气纯度要求较高，通常需配套精细净化系统。

　　1、 The core principle of biomass gasification power generation is to gradually convert the chemical energy in biomass into electrical energy through thermochemical conversion and energy transfer processes. The core process can be divided into two major links: "gasification" and "power generation". In the gasification process, biomass raw materials undergo four stages of drying, pyrolysis, oxidation, and reduction in a specific temperature (usually 600-1000 ℃) and atmosphere (oxygen deficient or limited) inside the gasifier. Firstly, the moisture in the raw materials evaporates during the drying stage at 100-150 ℃ and is converted into water vapor; Subsequently, during the pyrolysis stage at 200-600 ℃, cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin in the raw materials decompose into products such as coke, tar, methane, hydrogen, etc; Subsequently, some of the coke and combustible gases in the pyrolysis products undergo oxidation reactions with the introduced oxygen (or air), releasing a large amount of heat to provide energy for subsequent reduction reactions; Finally, in the reduction zone, incompletely oxidized carbon dioxide, water vapor, and coke react to generate combustible gases mainly composed of carbon monoxide, hydrogen, and methane (also known as "biomass gas" or "syngas"). In the power generation process, purified biomass gas is converted into energy through equipment such as internal combustion engines, steam turbines, or gas turbines. If internal combustion engines are used for power generation, the gas directly enters the cylinder and mixes with air for combustion, driving the reciprocating motion of the piston to drive the generator for power generation. This is suitable for small and medium-sized (10-1000kW) power generation systems; If a steam turbine is used for power generation, the high-temperature flue gas generated by gas combustion needs to be heated to generate steam, and then the steam turbine is driven to rotate and drive the generator, which is suitable for large-scale (over 1000kW) power generation projects; Gas turbine power generation, on the other hand, uses the high-temperature and high-pressure gas generated by the combustion of gas in the combustion chamber to directly drive the turbine to rotate, which has the characteristics of high efficiency and fast start-up. However, it requires high purity of gas and usually requires a fine purification system.

　　二、生物质气化发电的核心设备类型

　　2、 Core equipment types for biomass gasification power generation

　　（一）气化炉：生物质转化的核心装置气化炉是决定生物质燃气产量与品质的关键设备，根据炉内物料运动状态和气流方向，可分为固定床气化炉、流化床气化炉和气流床气化炉三大类，不同类型的气化炉适用于不同特性的生物质原料和应用场景。固定床气化炉结构简单、造价低，适合处理颗粒均匀（直径 5-50mm）、含水率较低（≤20%）的块状或颗粒状原料（如木块、秸秆压块）。其又可细分为上吸式、下吸式和横吸式：上吸式固定床气化炉中，原料从顶部加入，自上而下依次经历干燥、热解、氧化和还原阶段，燃气从顶部输出，优点是热效率高、焦油含量低，缺点是原料易结渣、不适用于高水分原料；下吸式固定床气化炉则相反，原料自上而下运动，气流自下而上流动，原料与燃气逆向接触，避免了焦油在原料层的冷凝，适合处理易结渣的原料（如秸秆），但热效率略低于上吸式。流化床气化炉采用石英砂、氧化铝等惰性颗粒作为热载体，通过从炉底通入的气流使床层处于流化状态，原料（粒径通常为 1-10mm）与热载体充分混合，反应温度均匀（通常为 800-950℃），气化效率高且适应原料范围广，无论是秸秆、稻壳还是木屑均可处理，尤其适合大规模连续运行。根据气流速度和床层状态，流化床气化炉又可分为鼓泡流化床和循环流化床：循环流化床气化炉通过提高气流速度，使部分固体颗粒随燃气一起进入后续分离系统，分离后的颗粒返回炉内循环使用，进一步提升了原料转化率和燃气品质，目前在工业级生物质气化项目中应用最为广泛。气流床气化炉则适用于处理粉末状原料（粒径＜1mm）或浆状原料（如生物质浆液），通过将原料与气化剂（氧气或水蒸气）以高速喷入炉内，在高温（1200-1500℃）下瞬间完成气化反应，具有反应速度快、产气量大、无焦油生成的优点，但设备投资和运行成本较高，目前主要用于大型生物质综合利用项目。

　　（1） Gasification furnace: The core device for biomass conversion. Gasification furnace is a key equipment that determines the production and quality of biomass gas. According to the material movement state and airflow direction inside the furnace, it can be divided into three categories: fixed bed gasification furnace, fluidized bed gasification furnace, and fluidized bed gasification furnace. Different types of gasification furnaces are suitable for biomass raw materials with different characteristics and application scenarios. The fixed bed gasifier has a simple structure and low cost, suitable for processing block or granular raw materials with uniform particles (diameter 5-50mm) and low moisture content (≤ 20%), such as wooden blocks and straw compacts. It can be further divided into upward suction, downward suction, and transverse suction: In an upward suction fixed bed gasifier, raw materials are added from the top and undergo drying, pyrolysis, oxidation, and reduction stages from top to bottom. Gas is output from the top, which has the advantages of high thermal efficiency and low tar content. The disadvantage is that raw materials are prone to slagging and are not suitable for high moisture raw materials; The downward suction fixed bed gasifier is the opposite, with raw materials moving from top to bottom and airflow flowing from bottom to top. The raw materials and gas come into reverse contact, avoiding tar condensation in the raw material layer. It is suitable for processing raw materials that are prone to slagging (such as straw), but the thermal efficiency is slightly lower than that of the upward suction. The fluidized bed gasifier uses inert particles such as quartz sand and alumina as heat carriers, and the bed is fluidized by the airflow introduced from the bottom of the furnace. The raw materials (usually 1-10mm in size) are fully mixed with the heat carrier, and the reaction temperature is uniform (usually 800-950 ℃). The gasification efficiency is high and it can adapt to a wide range of raw materials, whether it is straw, rice husk or sawdust, which can be processed, especially suitable for large-scale continuous operation. According to the airflow velocity and bed state, fluidized bed gasifiers can be divided into bubbling fluidized beds and circulating fluidized beds. Circulating fluidized bed gasifiers increase the airflow velocity to allow some solid particles to enter the subsequent separation system with the gas, and the separated particles are returned to the furnace for recycling, further improving the conversion rate of raw materials and gas quality. Currently, it is widely used in industrial biomass gasification projects. The fluidized bed gasifier is suitable for processing powdered raw materials (particle size<1mm) or slurry raw materials (such as biomass slurry). By injecting the raw materials and gasifying agents (oxygen or water vapor) into the furnace at high speed, the gasification reaction is completed instantly at high temperature (1200-1500 ℃). It has the advantages of fast reaction speed, large gas production, and no tar generation, but the equipment investment and operating costs are high. Currently, it is mainly used in large-scale biomass comprehensive utilization projects.

　　（二）气体净化设备：保障发电稳定的关键生物质燃气在生成过程中会含有粉尘、焦油、硫化物、氮氧化物等杂质，若直接进入发电设备，会导致设备磨损、堵塞管道、腐蚀部件，甚至引发安全事故，因此必须通过净化系统去除杂质。气体净化设备主要包括除尘设备、脱焦油设备和脱硫脱硝设备。除尘设备的核心作用是去除燃气中的粉尘颗粒，常用设备有旋风分离器、布袋除尘器和静电除尘器。旋风分离器利用离心力将粉尘从燃气中分离，结构简单、成本低，但对细颗粒（粒径＜5μm）的去除效率较低，通常作为初级除尘设备；布袋除尘器通过滤袋过滤粉尘，去除效率可达 99% 以上，能有效捕捉细颗粒，是目前应用最广泛的二级除尘设备；静电除尘器则利用高压电场使粉尘带电，再通过电极吸附去除，适合处理大流量、高浓度粉尘的场景，但设备体积大、投资高。脱焦油设备是净化系统的核心，目前主流技术包括物理法和化学法。物理法通过冷却、吸收或过滤去除焦油，如采用水洗塔将燃气冷却至 40-60℃，使焦油冷凝为液体后与燃气分离，或采用活性炭吸附塔吸附残留焦油，优点是操作简单，缺点是会产生焦油废水，需后续处理；化学法则通过催化裂解将焦油转化为一氧化碳、氢气等可燃气体，常用的催化剂有镍基催化剂、白云石等，其中白云石成本低、来源广，在中小规模项目中应用较多，而镍基催化剂裂解效率高，适合对燃气品质要求高的场景（如燃气轮机发电）。脱硫脱硝设备主要用于去除燃气中的硫化物（如硫化氢）和氮氧化物（如一氧化氮），避免其腐蚀设备和污染环境。脱硫常用干法（如氧化铁脱硫剂吸附）和湿法（如胺液吸收），干法适合低硫燃气，湿法适合高硫燃气；脱硝则多采用选择性催化还原法（SCR），在催化剂作用下，利用氨气将氮氧化物还原为氮气和水，确保燃气排放符合环保标准。

　　（2） Gas purification equipment: The key biomass gas that ensures stable power generation contains impurities such as dust, tar, sulfides, and nitrogen oxides during the generation process. If it directly enters the power generation equipment, it can cause equipment wear, blockage of pipelines, corrosion of components, and even safety accidents. Therefore, impurities must be removed through a purification system. Gas purification equipment mainly includes dust removal equipment, tar removal equipment, and desulfurization and denitrification equipment. The core function of dust removal equipment is to remove dust particles from gas. Common equipment includes cyclone separators, bag filters, and electrostatic precipitators. Cyclone separators use centrifugal force to separate dust from gas, with a simple structure and low cost. However, their removal efficiency for fine particles (particle size<5 μ m) is relatively low, and they are usually used as primary dust removal equipment; The bag filter uses filter bags to filter dust, with a removal efficiency of over 99%. It can effectively capture fine particles and is currently the most widely used secondary dust removal equipment; Electrostatic precipitators use high-voltage electric fields to charge dust, which is then removed through electrode adsorption. They are suitable for handling high flow and high concentration dust scenarios, but the equipment has a large volume and high investment. The tar removal equipment is the core of the purification system, and the mainstream technologies currently include physical and chemical methods. Physical methods remove tar through cooling, absorption, or filtration, such as using a water washing tower to cool the gas to 40-60 ℃, condensing the tar into a liquid and separating it from the gas, or using an activated carbon adsorption tower to adsorb residual tar. The advantages are simple operation, but the disadvantages are that tar wastewater is generated, which requires subsequent treatment; Chemical laws convert tar into combustible gases such as carbon monoxide and hydrogen through catalytic cracking. Commonly used catalysts include nickel based catalysts and dolomite. Among them, dolomite has low cost and wide source, and is widely used in small and medium-sized projects. Nickel based catalysts have high cracking efficiency and are suitable for scenarios with high gas quality requirements (such as gas turbine power generation). The desulfurization and denitrification equipment is mainly used to remove sulfides (such as hydrogen sulfide) and nitrogen oxides (such as nitric oxide) from gas, avoiding their corrosion of equipment and environmental pollution. Dry methods (such as iron oxide desulfurizer adsorption) and wet methods (such as amine liquid absorption) are commonly used for desulfurization. Dry methods are suitable for low sulfur gas, while wet methods are suitable for high sulfur gas; Selective catalytic reduction (SCR) is commonly used for denitrification. Under the action of a catalyst, ammonia is used to reduce nitrogen oxides into nitrogen and water, ensuring that gas emissions meet environmental standards.

　　（三）发电设备：能量转化的终端装置发电设备根据规模和燃气品质选择，主要包括内燃机发电机组、汽轮机发电机组和燃气轮机发电机组。内燃机发电机组由内燃机和发电机组成，燃气进入内燃机气缸燃烧产生动力，带动发电机发电，单机容量通常为 5-1000kW，具有启动快、安装灵活、对燃气压力要求低的特点，适合农村分布式发电和小型工业项目，目前国内大多数村级生物质气化发电站均采用这种设备。汽轮机发电机组则需配套锅炉，将净化后的燃气在锅炉内燃烧产生蒸汽，蒸汽推动汽轮机旋转带动发电机发电，单机容量可达 1000kW 以上，适合大规模集中发电项目（如利用林业剩余物的生物质电厂），但设备体积大、启动时间长（通常需数小时），且对蒸汽参数（温度、压力）要求高，需严格控制燃气燃烧稳定性。燃气轮机发电机组通过燃气在燃烧室燃烧产生高温高压气体，直接推动涡轮旋转带动发电机发电，发电效率可达 35%-45%，远高于内燃机和汽轮机，且启动时间短（约 10-30 分钟），但对燃气纯度要求极高（焦油含量需＜10mg/m?），需配套精细净化系统，设备投资和维护成本也较高，目前主要用于大型生物质气化联合循环发电项目（如生物质燃气与天然气混合发电）。

　　（3） Power generation equipment: Terminal devices for energy conversion. Power generation equipment is selected based on scale and gas quality, mainly including internal combustion engine generator sets, steam turbine generator sets, and gas turbine generator sets. The internal combustion engine generator set consists of an internal combustion engine and a generator. Gas enters the internal combustion engine cylinder and burns to generate power, driving the generator to generate electricity. The single unit capacity is usually 5-1000 kW, and it has the characteristics of fast start-up, flexible installation, and low gas pressure requirements. It is suitable for rural distributed power generation and small industrial projects. Currently, most village level biomass gasification power stations in China use this equipment. The steam turbine generator set needs to be equipped with a boiler, which burns the purified gas in the boiler to produce steam. The steam drives the steam turbine to rotate and drive the generator to generate electricity. The single unit capacity can reach more than 1000kW, which is suitable for large-scale centralized power generation projects (such as biomass power plants using forestry residues). However, the equipment has a large volume, long start-up time (usually several hours), and high requirements for steam parameters (temperature, pressure), requiring strict control of gas combustion stability. Gas turbine generator sets generate high-temperature and high-pressure gas through combustion of gas in the combustion chamber, which directly drives the turbine to rotate and drive the generator to generate electricity. The power generation efficiency can reach 35% -45%, which is much higher than that of internal combustion engines and steam turbines. The start-up time is short (about 10-30 minutes), but it requires extremely high gas purity (tar content<10mg/m)? ）It requires a sophisticated purification system and has high equipment investment and maintenance costs. Currently, it is mainly used for large-scale biomass gasification combined cycle power generation projects (such as biomass gas and natural gas hybrid power generation).

　　三、生物质气化发电系统的组成与工作流程一套完整的生物质气化发电系统并非单一设备的简单组合，而是由原料预处理系统、气化系统、气体净化系统、发电系统和余热利用系统组成的有机整体，各系统协同工作，确保能量转化效率最大化。（一）原料预处理系统生物质原料（如秸秆、木屑、稻壳）通常存在含水率高、体积大、分布分散的问题，需通过预处理系统进行处理，使其满足气化炉进料要求。预处理流程主要包括破碎、干燥、成型三个环节：破碎环节通过破碎机将原料粉碎至符合气化炉要求的粒径（固定床需 5-50mm，流化床需 1-10mm），减少原料内部传热阻力，提升气化效率；干燥环节利用热风炉（通常采用气化炉产生的余热）将原料含水率从 30%-50% 降至 15%-20%，避免原料水分过高导致气化温度降低、燃气产量减少；成型环节则针对松散的原料（如秸秆），通过成型机将其压制成块状或颗粒状，减少运输成本，同时提高原料堆积密度，便于气化炉连续进料。

　　3、 The composition and workflow of biomass gasification power generation system is a complete set of biomass gasification power generation system. It is not a simple combination of single equipment, but an organic whole composed of raw material pretreatment system, gasification system, gas purification system, power generation system and waste heat utilization system. The various systems work together to ensure maximum energy conversion efficiency. （1） The biomass raw materials (such as straw, sawdust, rice husk) in the raw material pretreatment system usually have problems of high moisture content, large volume, and dispersed distribution. They need to be processed through the pretreatment system to meet the requirements of gasification furnace feeding. The preprocessing process mainly includes three stages: crushing, drying, and forming. In the crushing stage, the raw materials are crushed by a crusher to a particle size that meets the requirements of the gasifier (5-50mm for fixed beds and 1-10mm for fluidized beds), reducing internal heat transfer resistance of the raw materials and improving gasification efficiency; In the drying process, a hot blast stove (usually using waste heat generated by a gasifier) is used to reduce the moisture content of the raw materials from 30% -50% to 15% -20%, avoiding a decrease in gasification temperature and gas production caused by excessive moisture content in the raw materials; The molding process targets loose raw materials (such as straw), which are pressed into blocks or granules by a molding machine to reduce transportation costs and increase the density of raw materials, making it easier for the gasifier to feed continuously.

　　（二）气化系统气化系统以气化炉为核心，配套鼓风机、加料机、排渣机等辅助设备，完成生物质原料的热化学转化。工作时，预处理后的原料通过加料机均匀送入气化炉，同时鼓风机将气化剂（空气、氧气或水蒸气）按一定比例通入炉内，原料在炉内经历干燥、热解、氧化、还原反应后生成生物质燃气；气化炉底部的排渣机则定期排出反应后的灰渣（灰渣可作为有机肥或建筑材料），确保炉内物料连续流动。为维持炉内温度稳定，部分气化炉还配套有温度控制系统，通过调节气化剂供应量或原料进料速度，将反应温度控制在最佳范围。

　　（2） The gasification system is centered around a gasifier and equipped with auxiliary equipment such as blowers, feeders, and slag discharge machines to complete the thermochemical conversion of biomass raw materials. During operation, the pre treated raw materials are uniformly fed into the gasifier through a feeding machine, while a blower introduces gasification agents (air, oxygen, or water vapor) into the furnace in a certain proportion. The raw materials undergo drying, pyrolysis, oxidation, and reduction reactions in the furnace to generate biomass gas; The slag discharge machine at the bottom of the gasifier regularly discharges the reacted ash (which can be used as organic fertilizer or building materials) to ensure continuous flow of materials inside the furnace. To maintain stable temperature inside the furnace, some gasifiers are also equipped with temperature control systems, which control the reaction temperature within the optimal range by adjusting the supply of gasifying agents or the feed rate of raw materials.

　　（三）气体净化系统从气化炉输出的生物质燃气温度较高（通常为 400-600℃），且含有大量杂质，需通过净化系统进行降温、除尘、脱焦油和脱硫脱硝处理。首先，高温燃气进入冷却器（如水冷套管或空气冷却器），温度降至 40-60℃，使部分焦油和水蒸气冷凝；随后进入旋风分离器进行初级除尘，去除大部分粉尘颗粒；接着进入布袋除尘器，进一步去除细颗粒粉尘；之后进入脱焦油设备（如水洗塔或催化裂解塔），去除燃气中的焦油；最后进入脱硫脱硝设备，去除硫化物和氮氧化物，净化后的燃气（焦油含量＜50mg/m?、粉尘含量＜10mg/m?）送入储气柜暂存，等待进入发电系统。（四）发电系统与余热利用储气柜中的生物质燃气经稳压后，根据系统规模和设备类型送入内燃机、汽轮机或燃气轮机：若为内燃机发电系统，燃气直接进入内燃机与空气混合燃烧，驱动发电机发电；若为汽轮机发电系统，燃气先进入锅炉燃烧产生蒸汽，再推动汽轮机带动发电机；若为燃气轮机发电系统，燃气则进入燃烧室与空气混合燃烧，产生高温高压气体推动涡轮旋转。发电过程中会产生大量余热（如内燃机排气温度可达 400-600℃，汽轮机乏汽温度可达 100-150℃），若直接排放会造成能量浪费，因此系统通常配套余热利用系统：余热锅炉利用高温烟气加热水生成蒸汽，为厂区提供供暖或生活用热水；或通过余热换热器加热冷空气，作为气化炉的气化剂或原料干燥系统的热源，实现能量梯级利用，使整个系统的综合能效提升 10%-20%。

　　（3） The biomass gas output from the gasifier by the gas purification system has a high temperature (usually 400-600 ℃) and contains a large amount of impurities, which require cooling, dust removal, tar removal, and desulfurization/denitrification treatment through the purification system. Firstly, high-temperature gas enters a cooler (such as a water-cooled sleeve or air cooler), where the temperature drops to 40-60 ℃, causing some tar and water vapor to condense; Subsequently, it enters the cyclone separator for primary dust removal, removing most of the dust particles; Then enter the bag filter to further remove fine particulate dust; Afterwards, it enters the tar removal equipment (such as water washing tower or catalytic cracking tower) to remove tar from the gas; Finally, enter the desulfurization and denitrification equipment to remove sulfides and nitrogen oxides, and purify the gas (tar content<50mg/m?)? Dust content<10mg/m? ）Sent to the storage tank for temporary storage, waiting to enter the power generation system. （4） After the biomass gas in the power generation system and waste heat utilization storage tank is stabilized, it is sent to the internal combustion engine, steam turbine or gas turbine according to the system scale and equipment type. If it is an internal combustion engine power generation system, the gas directly enters the internal combustion engine and mixes with air for combustion, driving the generator to generate electricity; If it is a steam turbine power generation system, the gas first enters the boiler for combustion to produce steam, and then drives the turbine to drive the generator; If it is a gas turbine power generation system, the gas enters the combustion chamber and mixes with air for combustion, producing high-temperature and high-pressure gas to drive the turbine to rotate. During the power generation process, a large amount of waste heat is generated (such as the exhaust temperature of internal combustion engines reaching 400-600 ℃ and the exhaust temperature of steam turbines reaching 100-150 ℃). Direct discharge can cause energy waste. Therefore, the system is usually equipped with a waste heat utilization system: a waste heat boiler uses high-temperature flue gas to heat water and generate steam, providing heating or domestic hot water for the factory area; Alternatively, cold air can be heated through a waste heat exchanger to serve as a gasification agent for the gasifier or a heat source for the raw material drying system, achieving energy cascade utilization and increasing the overall energy efficiency of the system by 10% -20%.

　　四、生物质气化发电设备及系统的应用场景（一）农村分布式发电在我国农村地区，每年产生大量秸秆、稻壳、玉米芯等农业废弃物，若随意焚烧不仅污染环境，还浪费资源。农村分布式生物质气化发电系统（单机容量通常为 10-100kW）可利用当地农业废弃物作为原料，发电直接供给农户或农村小微企业，多余电量并入电网，实现 “就地取材、就地发电、就地消纳”。例如，在我国山东、河南等地的农村，许多村级生物质气化发电站以秸秆为原料，不仅解决了秸秆焚烧问题，还为村民提供了稳定的电力供应，同时发电产生的灰渣可作为有机肥还田，形成 “农业废弃物 - 发电 - 有机肥 - 农业生产” 的循环经济模式。

　　4、 Application scenarios of biomass gasification power generation equipment and systems (1) Rural distributed power generation In rural areas of China, a large amount of agricultural waste such as straw, rice husk, corn cob, etc. is generated every year. If burned indiscriminately, it not only pollutes the environment but also wastes resources. The rural distributed biomass gasification power generation system (usually with a single unit capacity of 10-100kW) can use local agricultural waste as raw materials to generate electricity directly to farmers or rural small and micro enterprises, and the excess electricity is integrated into the power grid, achieving "local materials, local power generation, and local consumption". For example, in rural areas such as Shandong and Henan in China, many village level biomass gasification power plants use straw as raw material, which not only solves the problem of straw burning, but also provides stable power supply for villagers. At the same time, the ash generated by power generation can be used as organic fertilizer for returning to the field, forming a circular economy model of "agricultural waste power generation organic fertilizer agricultural production".

　　（二）工业园区自备电站工业园区（如食品加工、造纸、木材加工园区）在生产过程中会产生大量有机废弃物（如食品残渣、造纸污泥、木材边角料），这些废弃物具有较高的热值，适合作为生物质气化发电的原料。工业园区自备电站（单机容量通常为 100-1000kW）可将这些废弃物转化为电能，为园区企业提供生产用电，降低企业用电成本；同时，发电产生的余热可用于园区供暖或生产用蒸汽，实现能源的综合利用。例如，我国江苏某木材加工园区采用循环流化床气化炉，以木材边角料为原料，配套汽轮机发电机组，年发电量达 800 万度，不仅满足了园区 30% 的用电需求，还减少了木材废弃物的填埋量，每年节约标准煤约 3000 吨。

　　（2） Industrial parks with their own power stations (such as food processing, papermaking, and wood processing parks) generate a large amount of organic waste (such as food residues, papermaking sludge, and wood scraps) during the production process. These wastes have high calorific values and are suitable as raw materials for biomass gasification power generation. The self owned power station in the industrial park (usually with a single unit capacity of 100-1000kW) can convert these wastes into electricity, providing production electricity for park enterprises and reducing their electricity costs; At the same time, the waste heat generated by power generation can be used for heating or steam production in the park, achieving comprehensive energy utilization. For example, a wood processing park in Jiangsu Province, China, uses a circulating fluidized bed gasifier with wood scraps as raw materials and is equipped with a steam turbine generator set. The annual power generation reaches 8 million kWh, which not only meets 30% of the park's electricity demand, but also reduces the amount of wood waste buried, saving about 3000 tons of standard coal per year.

　　（三）偏远地区离网供电在我国西部偏远山区、高原牧区等电网覆盖困难的区域，传统电力供应成本高、稳定性差，而当地丰富的林业剩余物（如枯枝、灌木）为生物质气化发电提供了充足原料。离网型生物质气化发电系统（单机容量通常为 5-50kW）可作为这些区域的主要供电来源，为居民生活、学校、卫生院等提供稳定电力。例如，我国西藏某牧区采用下吸式固定床气化炉，以当地枯枝为原料，配套内燃机发电机组，为牧区 200 余户居民提供用电，解决了牧民的照明、电视、冰箱等基本用电需求，改善了当地生活条件。

　　（3） Off grid power supply in remote areas of western China, such as remote mountainous regions and high-altitude pastoral areas where power grid coverage is difficult, traditional power supply has high costs and poor stability. However, the abundant forestry residues (such as dead branches and shrubs) in the area provide sufficient raw materials for biomass gasification power generation. Off grid biomass gasification power generation systems (usually with a single unit capacity of 5-50kW) can serve as the main power source for these areas, providing stable electricity for residents' daily lives, schools, health clinics, etc. For example, a pastoral area in Xizang, China, uses a downdraft fixed bed gasifier, which uses local dead branches as raw materials, and is equipped with internal combustion engine generator sets to provide power for more than 200 households in the pastoral area. This has solved the basic power needs of herdsmen for lighting, television, refrigerators, and improved local living conditions.

　　五、生物质气化发电设备及系统面临的挑战与未来发展尽管生物质气化发电技术已取得显著进展，但在实际应用中仍面临诸多挑战：一是原料供应不稳定，生物质原料具有季节性（如秸秆主要在秋收后产生）和分散性，收集、运输成本较高，导致部分项目因原料短缺或成本过高而难以持续运行；

　　5、 The challenges and future development of biomass gasification power generation equipment and systems. Although biomass gasification power generation technology has made significant progress, it still faces many challenges in practical applications: firstly, the supply of raw materials is unstable, biomass raw materials have seasonality (such as straw mainly produced after autumn harvest) and dispersion, and the collection and transportation costs are high, resulting in some projects being difficult to sustain due to raw material shortages or high costs;

　　二是设备效率有待提升，中小规模系统（尤其是 100kW 以下）的气化效率和发电效率较低，综合能效通常仅为 20%-30%，难以与传统化石能源发电竞争；

　　Secondly, the equipment efficiency needs to be improved. The gasification efficiency and power generation efficiency of small and medium-sized systems (especially below 100kW) are relatively low, with a comprehensive energy efficiency usually only 20% -30%, making it difficult to compete with traditional fossil fuel power generation;

　　三是技术瓶颈尚未完全突破，焦油处理仍是行业难题，现有脱焦油技术要么成本高，要么会产生二次污染，影响系统稳定性和经济性；

　　Thirdly, the technological bottleneck has not been completely overcome, and tar treatment is still a difficult problem in the industry. Existing tar removal technologies either have high costs or generate secondary pollution, which affects system stability and economy;

　　四是政策支持力度不足，相比风电、光伏等可再生能源，生物质气化发电的补贴政策和市场机制不够完善，项目投资回报周期长，企业积极性不高。针对这些挑战，未来生物质气化发电设备及系统的发展将朝着以下方向推进：一是技术升级，研发高效、低耗的气化炉（如超高温气化炉、分级气化炉）和净化设备（如新型催化裂解催化剂、高效脱硫脱硝技术），提升燃气品质和系统效率，目标将综合能效提高至 40% 以上；

　　Fourthly, there is insufficient policy support. Compared to renewable energy sources such as wind power and photovoltaics, the subsidy policies and market mechanisms for biomass gasification power generation are not perfect, the investment return cycle of projects is long, and the enthusiasm of enterprises is not high. In response to these challenges, the future development of biomass gasification power generation equipment and systems will move towards the following directions: firstly, technological upgrading, research and development of efficient and low consumption gasifiers (such as ultra-high temperature gasifiers and staged gasifiers) and purification equipment (such as new catalytic cracking catalysts and high-efficiency desulfurization and denitrification technologies), improving gas quality and system efficiency, with the goal of increasing comprehensive energy efficiency to over 40%;

　　二是原料多元化，开发以畜禽粪便、城市有机垃圾、能源作物为原料的气化技术，拓展原料来源，解决原料供应不稳定问题；三是系统集成化，推动生物质气化发电与余热利用、生物质制氢、生物质炭生产等技术结合，形成多联产系统，提高项目经济效益；四是智能化，引入物联网、大数据等技术，实现原料供应、设备运行、故障诊断的智能化管理，降低运行成本，提升系统稳定性；五是政策完善，加大对生物质气化发电项目的补贴力度，建立健全生物质能源市场交易机制，鼓励企业和社会资本参与项目建设，推动行业规模化、产业化发展。六、结语生物质气化发电设备及系统作为一种清洁、高效的可再生能源利用技术，不仅为农业、林业废弃物的资源化利用提供了有效途径，还为能源结构转型和 “双碳” 目标实现提供了重要支撑。尽管目前仍面临原料、技术、政策等方面的挑战，但随着技术的不断突破和产业环境的逐步完善，生物质气化发电必将在农村能源供应、工业园区节能、偏远地区供电等领域发挥更大作用，成为未来能源体系的重要组成部分。

　　The second is to diversify raw materials, develop gasification technologies using livestock and poultry manure, urban organic waste, and energy crops as raw materials, expand raw material sources, and solve the problem of unstable raw material supply; The third is system integration, promoting the integration of biomass gasification power generation with waste heat utilization, biomass hydrogen production, biomass charcoal production and other technologies, forming a multi generation system, and improving project economic benefits; The fourth is intelligence, which introduces technologies such as the Internet of Things and big data to achieve intelligent management of raw material supply, equipment operation, and fault diagnosis, reduce operating costs, and improve system stability; The fifth is to improve policies, increase subsidies for biomass gasification power generation projects, establish and improve the trading mechanism of biomass energy market, encourage enterprises and social capital to participate in project construction, and promote the scale and industrialization development of the industry. 6、 Conclusion: Biomass gasification power generation equipment and systems, as a clean and efficient renewable energy utilization technology, not only provide effective ways for the resource utilization of agricultural and forestry waste, but also provide important support for the transformation of energy structure and the achievement of "dual carbon" goals. Despite facing challenges in terms of raw materials, technology, policies, etc., with the continuous breakthroughs in technology and the gradual improvement of the industrial environment, biomass gasification power generation will play a greater role in rural energy supply, energy conservation in industrial parks, and power supply in remote areas, becoming an important component of the future energy system.

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