工作特性：　　表征同步发电机性能的主要是空载特性和负载运行特性。这些特性是用户选用发电机的重要依据。

　　Working characteristics: The main characteristics that characterize the performance of a synchronous generator are no-load characteristics and load operating characteristics. These characteristics are important criteria for users to choose generators.

　　01空载特性发电机不接负载时，电枢电流为零，称为空载运行。此时电机定子的三相绕组只有励磁电流If感生出的空载电动势E0（三相对称），其大小随If的增大而增加。但是，由于电机磁路铁心有饱和现象，所以两者不成正比。反映空载电动势E0与励磁电流If关系的曲线称为同步发电机的空载特性。

　　When the generator is not connected to a load, the armature current is zero, which is called no-load operation. At this time, the three-phase winding of the motor stator only has the no-load electromotive force E0 (three-phase symmetry) induced by the excitation current If, and its magnitude increases with the increase of If. However, due to the saturation phenomenon of the iron core in the motor magnetic circuit, the two are not proportional. The curve reflecting the relationship between the no-load electromotive force E0 and the excitation current If is called the no-load characteristic of a synchronous generator.

　　02电枢反应当发电机接上对称负载后，电枢绕组中的三相电流会产生另一个旋转磁场，称电枢反应磁场。其转速正好与转子的转速相等，两者同步旋转。同步发电机的电枢反应磁场与转子励磁磁场均可近似地认为都按正弦规律分布。它们之间的空间相位差取决于空载电动势E0与电枢电流I之间的时间相位差。电枢反应磁场还与负载情况有关。当发电机的负载为电感性时，电枢反应磁场起去磁作用，会导致发电机的电压降低；当负载呈电容性时，电枢反应磁场起助磁作用，会使发电机的输出电压升高。

　　When the generator is connected to a symmetrical load, the three-phase currents in the armature winding will generate another rotating magnetic field, called the armature reaction magnetic field. Its rotational speed is exactly equal to the rotational speed of the rotor, and both rotate synchronously. The armature reaction magnetic field and rotor excitation magnetic field of a synchronous generator can be approximately assumed to be distributed in a sinusoidal pattern. The spatial phase difference between them depends on the time phase difference between the no-load electromotive force E0 and the armature current I. The armature reaction magnetic field is also related to the load condition. When the load of the generator is inductive, the armature reaction magnetic field has a demagnetization effect, which can cause a decrease in the voltage of the generator; When the load is capacitive, the armature reaction magnetic field plays a magnetic assisting role, which will increase the output voltage of the generator.

　　03负载运行特性主要指外特性和调整特性。外特性是当转速为额定值、励磁电流和负载功率因数为常数时，发电机端电压U与负载电流I之间的关系。调整特性是转速和端电压为额定值、负载功率因数为常数时，励磁电流If与负载电流I之间的关系。同步发电机的电压变化率约为20～40%。一般工业和家用负载都要求电压保持基本不变。为此，随着负载电流的增大，需要相应地调整励磁电流。虽然调整特性的变化趋势与外特性正好相反，对于感性和纯电阻性负载，它是上升的，而在容性负载下，一般是下降的。

　　03 Load operation characteristics mainly refer to external characteristics and adjustment characteristics. The external characteristic is the relationship between the generator terminal voltage U and the load current I when the speed is rated, the excitation current, and the load power factor are constant. The adjustment characteristic is the relationship between the excitation current If and the load current I when the speed and terminal voltage are rated and the load power factor is constant. The voltage change rate of synchronous generators is about 20-40%. Both industrial and household loads generally require voltage to remain relatively constant. Therefore, as the load current increases, it is necessary to adjust the excitation current accordingly. Although the trend of adjusting characteristics is exactly opposite to that of external characteristics, for inductive and purely resistive loads, it increases, while under capacitive loads, it generally decreases.

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